b1.0
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# Fyne + Go 命令执行与输出捕获教程
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## 1. Fyne 快速入门
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### 安装 Fyne
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```bash
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go get fyne.io/fyne/v2@latest
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```
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### 最小 Fyne 窗口
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/app"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/widget"
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)
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func main() {
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myApp := app.New()
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myWindow := myApp.NewWindow("Hello Fyne")
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myWindow.SetContent(widget.NewLabel("Hello, World!"))
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myWindow.Resize(fyne.NewSize(400, 300))
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myWindow.ShowAndRun()
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}
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```
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### 常用控件
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| 控件 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `widget.NewLabel(text)` | 文本标签 |
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| `widget.NewButton(text, callback)` | 按钮 |
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| `widget.NewEntry()` | 单行输入框 |
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| `widget.NewMultiLineEntry()` | 多行输入框 |
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| `widget.NewCheck(text, callback)` | 复选框 |
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| `widget.NewSelect(options, callback)` | 下拉选择 |
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| `widget.NewProgressBar()` | 进度条 |
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### 布局容器
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| 容器 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `container.NewVBox(...)` | 垂直排列 |
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| `container.NewHBox(...)` | 水平排列 |
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| `container.NewBorder(top, bottom, left, right, center)` | 边框布局 |
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| `container.NewGridWithColumns(cols, ...)` | 网格布局 |
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---
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## 2. Go 执行外部命令并获取输出
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### 核心包: `os/exec`
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Go 标准库 `os/exec` 包提供了执行外部命令的功能。
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### 2.1 基础方法
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#### 获取命令输出 (一次性)
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"os/exec"
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)
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func main() {
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// cmd := exec.Command("cmd", "/c", "dir") // Windows
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cmd := exec.Command("ls", "-l") // Linux/macOS
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output, err := cmd.Output() // 返回 []byte
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if err != nil {
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fmt.Println("执行出错:", err)
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return
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}
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fmt.Println(string(output))
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}
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```
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#### 合并 stdout + stderr
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```go
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output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput() // stdout + stderr 合并
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```
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#### 分别获取 stdout 和 stderr
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```go
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var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
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cmd.Stdout = &stdout
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cmd.Stderr = &stderr
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err := cmd.Run()
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fmt.Println("stdout:", stdout.String())
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fmt.Println("stderr:", stderr.String())
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```
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### 2.2 实时读取输出 (逐行)
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适用于长时间运行的命令或需要实时显示进度的场景。
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```go
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func runCommandWithLiveOutput(name string, args ...string) error {
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cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
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stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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stderr, err := cmd.StderrPipe()
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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// 并发读取 stdout
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go func() {
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scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
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for scanner.Scan() {
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fmt.Println("[OUT]", scanner.Text())
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}
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}()
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// 并发读取 stderr
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go func() {
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scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stderr)
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for scanner.Scan() {
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fmt.Println("[ERR]", scanner.Text())
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}
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}()
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return cmd.Wait()
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}
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```
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### 2.3 设置超时
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```go
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func runWithTimeout(timeout time.Duration, name string, args ...string) (string, error) {
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ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), timeout)
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defer cancel()
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cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, name, args...)
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output, err := cmd.Output()
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if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
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return "", fmt.Errorf("命令执行超时 (%v)", timeout)
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}
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return string(output), err
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}
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```
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### 2.4 设置工作目录和环境变量
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```go
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cmd := exec.Command("make", "build")
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cmd.Dir = "/path/to/project" // 设置工作目录
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cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOOS=linux", "GOARCH=amd64") // 追加环境变量
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```
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### 2.5 Windows 特殊处理
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Windows 下 `cmd` 命令需要 `/c` 前缀：
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```go
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// Windows
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cmd := exec.Command("cmd", "/c", "dir")
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// 或者使用 PowerShell
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cmd := exec.Command("powershell", "-Command", "Get-ChildItem")
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```
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通用跨平台封装：
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```go
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func shellCommand(command string) *exec.Cmd {
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if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
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return exec.Command("cmd", "/c", command)
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}
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return exec.Command("sh", "-c", command)
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}
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```
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---
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## 3. Fyne + 命令执行完整示例
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### 3.1 简单的命令执行 GUI
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"bytes"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/app"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/container"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/widget"
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"os/exec"
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"runtime"
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)
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func main() {
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myApp := app.New()
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myWindow := myApp.NewWindow("命令执行器")
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myWindow.Resize(fyne.NewSize(600, 400))
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cmdEntry := widget.NewEntry()
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cmdEntry.SetPlaceHolder("输入命令，如: ping 127.0.0.1")
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outputLabel := widget.NewMultiLineEntry()
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outputLabel.Disable() // 只读
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outputLabel.Wrapping = fyne.TextWrapWord
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runBtn := widget.NewButton("执行", func() {
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command := cmdEntry.Text
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if command == "" {
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return
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}
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var cmd *exec.Cmd
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if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
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cmd = exec.Command("cmd", "/c", command)
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} else {
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cmd = exec.Command("sh", "-c", command)
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}
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var out bytes.Buffer
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var errOut bytes.Buffer
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cmd.Stdout = &out
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cmd.Stderr = &errOut
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err := cmd.Run()
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if err != nil {
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outputLabel.SetText("错误: " + err.Error() + "\n" + errOut.String())
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return
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}
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outputLabel.SetText(out.String())
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})
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content := container.NewVBox(
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widget.NewLabel("输入要执行的命令:"),
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cmdEntry,
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runBtn,
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widget.NewLabel("输出:"),
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outputLabel,
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)
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myWindow.SetContent(content)
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myWindow.ShowAndRun()
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}
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```
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### 3.2 带实时输出的进阶版本
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"bufio"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/app"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/container"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/widget"
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"os/exec"
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"runtime"
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"sync"
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)
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func main() {
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myApp := app.New()
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myWindow := myApp.NewWindow("实时命令输出")
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myWindow.Resize(fyne.NewSize(700, 500))
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cmdEntry := widget.NewEntry()
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cmdEntry.SetPlaceHolder("输入命令...")
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output := widget.NewMultiLineEntry()
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output.Disable()
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output.Wrapping = fyne.TextWrapWord
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var mu sync.Mutex
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appendOutput := func(text string) {
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mu.Lock()
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defer mu.Unlock()
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current := output.Text
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if len(current) > 0 {
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current += "\n"
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}
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output.SetText(current + text)
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}
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runBtn := widget.NewButton("执行", func() {
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command := cmdEntry.Text
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if command == "" {
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return
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}
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var cmd *exec.Cmd
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if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
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cmd = exec.Command("cmd", "/c", command)
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} else {
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cmd = exec.Command("sh", "-c", command)
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}
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stdout, _ := cmd.StdoutPipe()
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stderr, _ := cmd.StderrPipe()
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cmd.Start()
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go func() {
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scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
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for scanner.Scan() {
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appendOutput(scanner.Text())
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}
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}()
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go func() {
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scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stderr)
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for scanner.Scan() {
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appendOutput("[ERR] " + scanner.Text())
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}
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}()
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cmd.Wait()
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})
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clearBtn := widget.NewButton("清空", func() {
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output.SetText("")
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})
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content := container.NewBorder(
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container.NewVBox(
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widget.NewLabelWithStyle("命令执行器 (实时输出)", fyne.TextAlignCenter, fyne.TextStyle{Bold: true}),
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widget.NewSeparator(),
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cmdEntry,
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container.NewHBox(runBtn, clearBtn),
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),
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nil, nil, nil,
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output,
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)
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myWindow.SetContent(content)
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myWindow.ShowAndRun()
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}
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```
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### 3.3 带进度条的长时间任务
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```go
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package main
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import (
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"context"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/app"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/container"
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"fyne.io/fyne/v2/widget"
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"os/exec"
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"time"
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)
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func main() {
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myApp := app.New()
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myWindow := myApp.NewWindow("带超时的命令执行")
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myWindow.Resize(fyne.NewSize(500, 300))
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progress := widget.NewProgressBar()
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statusLabel := widget.NewLabel("就绪")
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go func() {
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ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
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defer cancel()
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cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-n", "5", "127.0.0.1") // Windows
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// cmd := exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "5", "127.0.0.1") // Linux/macOS
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// 模拟进度更新
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go func() {
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for i := 0; i <= 100; i++ {
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progress.SetValue(float64(i) / 100.0)
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time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
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}
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}()
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output, err := cmd.Output()
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if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
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statusLabel.SetText("执行超时!")
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return
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}
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if err != nil {
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statusLabel.SetText("错误: " + err.Error())
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return
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}
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statusLabel.SetText("完成! 输出: " + string(output))
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}()
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content := container.NewVBox(
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widget.NewLabel("任务进度:"),
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progress,
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statusLabel,
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)
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myWindow.SetContent(content)
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myWindow.ShowAndRun()
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}
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```
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---
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## 4. `os/exec` 关键方法对比
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| 方法 | 用途 | 特点 |
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|------|------|------|
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| `cmd.Run()` | 执行命令并等待完成 | stdout/stderr 需手动设置 |
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| `cmd.Output()` | 执行并返回 stdout | stderr 为空时出错 |
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| `cmd.CombinedOutput()` | 执行并返回 stdout+stderr | stderr 合并到输出 |
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| `cmd.Start()` + `cmd.Wait()` | 手动控制启停 | 可配合 Pipe 实现实时输出 |
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| `cmd.StdoutPipe()` | 获取 stdout 管道 | 需在 Start 前调用 |
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| `cmd.StderrPipe()` | 获取 stderr 管道 | 需在 Start 前调用 |
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| `exec.CommandContext()` | 带 context 的命令 | 支持超时/取消 |
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---
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## 5. 常见问题
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### Q: `cmd.Output()` 报 "exit status 1"
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**A:** 命令执行失败且 stderr 有内容时，`Output()` 会直接报错。改用 `CombinedOutput()` 或手动设置 `cmd.Stdout` / `cmd.Stderr`。
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### Q: 如何执行 `cd` 命令？
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**A:** `cd` 是 shell 内置命令，不能用 `exec.Command` 直接执行。应使用 `cmd.Dir` 设置工作目录。
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### Q: Fyne 编译后文件太大？
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**A:** 使用 `go build -ldflags="-s -w"` 压缩，或使用 `fyne package` 打包。
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### Q: Fyne 不支持 Windows 7？
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**A:** Fyne v2.4+ 需要 Windows 10 1809+。
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---
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## 6. 参考资料
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- [Fyne 官方文档](https://developer.fyne.io/)
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- [Go os/exec 文档](https://pkg.go.dev/os/exec)
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- [Fyne GitHub](https://github.com/fyne-io/fyne)
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user